Next Generation Gifting Considerations

Giving financial gifts to children or grandchildren can help reduce your estate taxes. However, if you are concerned about wasteful spending by the recipients or protecting assets from bad actors, there are several options that allow you to exercise some control over how the money is used. 

Federal law permits unlimited tax-free annual exclusion gifts of up to $17,000 per recipient ($34,000 if married), without the donor having to file a federal gift tax return. If you make a gift to any person in excess of the annual exclusion amount, you will be required to file a federal gift tax return. However, if your gift exceeds the exclusion amount, the excess will reduce your lifetime gift and estate tax exemption—in 2023, $12.92 million per individual ($25.84 million per married couple)—and you will need to file a gift tax return (Form 709), but will not have to pay any gift tax. The gift will simply reduce the amount of your lifetime exemption amount.

Your generosity and good fortune may potentially pass a significant amount of money into the hands of children and grandchildren—adult as well as minors—who may be unprepared to manage a windfall.

Here are some suggestions that may allay your concerns. 

When making gifts to adult children, discuss your intent in connection with the use of the money in advance. Suggest that they put the money to good use, such as paying down debt, starting a college fund for their own children, investing a portion or donating some or all to a charity of their choice.

Avoid handing a check to an adult child who you believe may squander the money. Instead, offer to contribute to the purchase of big-ticket items, such as a new car or a mortgage down payment, or require them to attend a financial education course to learn about budgeting, savings, credit scores and other topics which could help them become fiscally responsible adults.  

If the gift recipient is a young child, Uniform Transfers to Minors Act (UTMA) or Uniform Gifts to Minors Act (UGMA) custodial accounts may be appropriate choices. With UTMA/UGMAs accounts, the minor owns the funds received as a gift, but the donor may serve as custodian and has complete control of the account until the minor reaches the UTMA/UGMA age of termination (which varies from age 18 to age 25 depending on the state), at which point the custodian is required under the law to turn the assets over to the former minor.

For those desiring some lasting control over the gifted money, a trust may be the better choice. Unlike custodial accounts, money held in a trust is not required to be transferred to the beneficiary at a specific age. You choose the timing and distribution schedule, for example a lump sum at age 21, or periodic payments over a set number of years.

If you prefer that the money be used to fund longer-term financial goals, offer to fund an individual retirement account or open a 529 education savings plan. In 2023, under the special five-year election rule, you can make a lump-sum contribution of $85,000 per individual to a 529 plan in the first year of a five-year period (or $170,000 per married couple). You can also elect to take advantage of six-year gift tax averaging. To do this, you can contribute one years’ worth of gifts in December, followed by five years of contributions in January, effectively making six years’ worth of contributions in just two months.

These are just a few suggestions for making thoughtful, satisfying gifts to children. Contact your Financial Advisor for help assessing your overall estate and exploring additional gifting and financial education options.